Data sources
The global data plotted here are from the ECMWF fifth-generation ERA5 Reanalysis: [ERA5 monthly averaged data on pressure levels from 1979 to present] and [ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1979 to present]
The results contain modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2021. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2019): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1979 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). (Accessed on 27-Dec-2021), [https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.f17050d7]
Hans Hersbach, Bill Bell, Paul Berrisford, Shoji Hirahara, András Horányi, Joaquín Muñoz-Sabater, Julien Nicolas, Carole Peubey, Raluca Radu, Dinand Schepers, Adrian Simmons, Cornel Soci, Saleh Abdalla, Xavier Abellan, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Peter Bechtold, Gionata Biavati, Jean Bidlot, Massimo Bonavita, Giovanna De Chiara, Per Dahlgren, Dick Dee, Michail Diamantakis, Rossana Dragani, Johannes Flemming, Richard Forbes, Manuel Fuentes, Alan Geer, Leo Haimberger, Sean Healy, Robin J. Hogan, Elías Hólm, Marta Janisková, Sarah Keeley, Patrick Laloyaux, Philippe Lopez, Cristina Lupu, Gabor Radnoti, Patricia de Rosnay, Iryna Rozum, Freja Vamborg, Sebastien Villaume, Jean-Noël Thépaut (2020) The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 146:1999-2049. [https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803]
Regional data are from the ERA5-Land Reanalysis Data set: [ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1950 to present].
The results contain modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2021. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.
Muñoz Sabater, J., (2021): ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1950 to 1980. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). (Accessed on 11-Mar-2022), [https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.68d2bb30].
J. Muñoz-Sabater, Dutra, E., Agustí-Panareda, A., Albergel, C., Arduini, G., Balsamo, G., Boussetta, S., Choulga, M., Harrigan, S., Hersbach, H., Martens, B., Miralles, D. G., Piles, M., Rodríguez-Fernández, N. J., Zsoter, E., Buontempo, C., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5-Land: A state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13:4349–4383, 2021. [https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4349-2021].
Maps
Maps were created using the NCAR Command Language (NCL) [https://www.ncl.ucar.edu] The NCAR Command Language (Version 6.6.2) [Software]. (2019). Boulder, Colorado: UCAR/NCAR/CISL/TDD. http:/dx.doi.org/10.5065/D6WD3XH5
Shapefiles for the continental outlines and administrative units on the ERA5-Land maps were downloaded from Natural Earth [https://www.naturalearthdata.com]
Animations
The animations were created using HAnis – the HTML5 Image AnimationS webapp [https://www.ssec.wisc.edu/hanis/] by Tom Whittaker, Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison.